Avogadro's constant, equal to Avogadro's number divided by one mole, or 6.02214129 × 10 23 mol − 1, is a factor which allows conversion between the expression of a quantity in terms of number of particles, and its expression in terms of amount of substance. The amount of a substance in a chemical is an expression of how many moles the substance contains. The actual number (of atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12) has been experimentally determined to be 6.02214129 × 10 23, and this is known as Avogadro's number. To make calculations simpler, chemists introduced a new unit, the mole, defined as the amount of substance that contains the same number of elementary particles (atoms, molecules, ions, electrons) as there are atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12, carbon's most common isotope. However, in most practical situations, the precise number is impossible to count, and an estimate of the number is typically a large enough number to make calculations more cumbersome than desired. The number of particles in a given chemical substance is an important quantity in the analysis of chemical and nuclear reactions.
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